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Item REFIACC: Reliable, efficient, fair and interference-aware congestion control protocol for wireless sensor networks(Elsevier, 2017) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Ben-Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, MiloudThe recent wireless sensor network applications are resource greedy in terms of throughput and net- work reliability. However, the wireless shared medium leads to links interferences in addition to wireless losses due to the harsh environment. The effect of these two points translates on differences in links bandwidth capacities, lack of reliability and throughput degradation. In this study, we tackle the prob- lem of throughput maximization by proposing an efficient congestion control-based schedule algorithm, dubbed REFIACC (Reliable, Efficient, Fair and Interference-Aware Congestion Control) protocol. REFIACC prevents the interferences and ensures a high fairness of bandwidth utilization among sensor nodes by scheduling the communications. The congestion and the interference in inter and intra paths hot spots are mitigated through tacking into account the dissimilarity between links’ capacities at the scheduling process. Linear programming is used to reach optimum utilization efficiency of the maximum available bandwidth. REFIACC has been evaluated by simulation and compared with two pertinent works. The re- sults show that the proposed solution outperforms the others in terms of throughput and reception ratio (more than 80%) and can scale for large networks.Item Congestion Detection Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Study with Testbed Experiments(Elsevier, 2014-09) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Badache, NadjibEvent based applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to traffic congestion, where unpredicted event detection yields simultaneous generation of traffic at spatially co-related nodes, and its propagation towards the sink. This results in loss of information and waste energy. Early congestion detection is thus of high importance in such WSN applications to avoid the propagation of such a problem and to reduce its consequences. Different detection metrics are used in the congestion control literature. However, a comparative study that investigates the different metrics in real sensor motes environment is missing. This paper focuses on this issue and compares some detection metrics in a testbed network with MICAz motes. Results show the effectiveness of each method in different scenarios and concludes that the combination of buffer length and channel load constitute the better candidate for early and fictive detection.Item Interference-aware Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(Elsevier, 2014-09) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Lasla, Noureddine; Badache, NadjibThis paper deals with congestion and interference control in wireless sensor networks (WSN), which is essential for improving the throughput and saving the scarce energy in networks where nodes have different capacities and traffic patterns. A scheme called IACC (Interference-Aware Congestion Control) is proposed. It allows maximizing link capacity utilization for each node by controlling congestion and interference. This is achieved through fair maximum rate control of interfering nodes in inter and intra paths of hot spots. The proposed protocol has been evaluated by simulation, where the results rival the effectiveness of our scheme in terms of energy saving and throughput. In particular, the results demonstrate the protocol scalability and considerable reduction of packet loss that allow to achieve as high packet delivery ratio as 80% for large networks.Item REFIACC: Reliable, Efficient, Fair and Interference-Aware Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(Elsevier, 2016-05-28) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Badache, NadjibThe recent wireless sensor network applications are resource greedy in terms of throughput and network reliability. However, the wireless shared medium leads to links interferences in addition to wireless losses due to the harsh environment. The effect of these two points translates on differences in links bandwidth capacities, lack of reliability and throughput degradation. In this study, we tackle the problem of throughput maximization by proposing an efficient congestion control-based schedule algorithm, dubbed REFIACC (Reliable, Efficient, Fair and Interference-Aware Congestion Control) protocol. REFIACC prevents the interferences and ensures a high fairness of bandwidth utilization among sensor nodes by scheduling the communications. The congestion and the interference in inter and intra paths hot spots are mitigated through tacking into account the dissimilarity between links' capacities at the scheduling process. Linear programming is used to reach optimum utilization efficiency of the maximum available bandwidth. REFIACC has been evaluated by simulation and compared with two pertinent works. The results show that the proposed solution outperforms the others in terms of throughput and reception ratio (more than 80%) and can scale for large networks.Item Congestion Detection Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comparative Study with Testbed Experiments(Elsevier, 2014) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Badache, NadjibEvent based applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to traffic congestion, where unpredicted event detection yields simultaneous generation of traffic at spatially co-related nodes, and its propagation towards the sink. This results in loss of information and waste energy. Early congestion detection is thus of high importance in such WSN applications to avoid the propagation of such a problem and to reduce its consequences. Different detection metrics are used in the congestion control literature. However, a comparative study that investigates the different metrics in real sensor motes environment is missing. This paper focuses on this issue and compares some detection metrics in a testbed network with MICAz motes. Results show the effectiveness of each method in different scenarios and concludes that the combination of buffer length and channel load constitute the better candidate for early and fictive detection.Item DZ50: Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Mote Platform for Low Data Rate Applications(Elsevier, 2014) Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Bagaa, Miloud; Doudou, Messaoud; Zizoua, Cherif; Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Djenouri, Djamel; Badache, NadjibA low cost and energy e_cient wireless sensor mote platform for low data rate monitoring applications is presented. The new platform, named DZ50, is based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and the RFM12b transceiver, which consume very low energy in low-power mode. Considerable energy saving can be achieved by reducing the power consumption during inactive (sleep) mode, notably in low data rate applications featured by long inactive periods. Without loss of generality, spot monitoring in a Smart Parking System (SPS) and soil moisture in a Precision Irrigation System (PIS) are selected as typical representative of low data rate applications. The performance of the new platform is investigated for typical scenarios of the selected applications and compared with that of MicaZ and TelosB. Energy measurements have been carried out for di_erent network operation states and settings, where the results reveal that the proposed platform allows to multiply the battery lifetime up to 7 times compared to MicaZ and TelosB motes in 10s sampling period scenarios.Item Interference-Aware Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(CERIST, 2014-07-07) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Lasla, Noureddine; Badache, NadjibThis paper deals with congestion and interference control in wireless sensor networks (WSN), which is essential for improving the throughput and saving the scarce energy in networks where nodes have di erent capacities and tra c patterns. A scheme called IACC (Interference-Aware Congestion Control ) is proposed. It allows maximizing link capacity utilization for each node by controlling congestion and interference. This is achieved through fair maximum rate control of interfering nodes in inter and intra paths of hot spots. The proposed protocol has been evaluated by simulation, where the results rival the e ectiveness of our scheme in terms of energy saving and throughput. In particular, the results demonstrate the protocol scalability and considerable reduction of packet loss that allows to achieve as high packet delivery ratio as 80% for large networks.Item Congestion Detection Strategies in Wireless sensor Networks: A Comparative Study with Testbed Experiments(CERIST, 2014-07-07) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Badache, NadjibEvent based applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to tra c congestion, where unpredicted event detection yields simultaneous generation of tra c at spatially co-related nodes, and its propagation towards the sink. This results in loss of information and waste energy. Early congestion detection is thus of high importance in such WSN applications to avoid the propagation of such a problem and to reduce its consequences. Di erent detection metrics are used in the congestion control literature. However, a comparative study that investigates the di erent metrics in real sensor motes environment is missing. This paper focuses on this issue and compares some detection metrics in a testbed network with MICAz motes. Results show the e ectiveness of each method in di erent scenarios and concludes that the combination of bu er length and channel load constitute the better candidate for early and fictive detection.Item Efficient data aggregation with in-network integrity control for WSN(Elsevier, 2012-10) Bagaa, Miloud; Challal, Yacine; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Badache, NadjibEnergy is a scarce resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Some studies show that more than 70% of energy is consumed in data transmission in WSN. Since most of the time, the sensed information is redundant due to geographically collocated sensors, most of this energy can be saved through data aggregation. Furthermore, data aggregation improves bandwidth usage and reduces collisions due to interference. Unfortunately, while aggregation eliminates redundancy, it makes data integrity verification more complicated since the received data is unique. In this paper, we present a new protocol that provides control integrity for aggregation in wireless sensor networks. Our protocol is based on a two-hop verification mechanism of data integrity. Our solution is essentially different from existing solutions in that it does not require referring to the base station for verifying and detecting faulty aggregated readings, thus providing a totally distributed scheme to guarantee data integrity. We carried out numerical analysis and simulations using the TinyOS environment. Results show that the proposed protocol yields significant savings in energy consumption while preserving data integrity, and outperforms comparable solutions with respect to some important performance criteria.Item Point In half symmetric LEns : A new range-free localization protocol for wireless sensor networks(CERIST, 2011-02) Lasla, Noureddine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Badache, NadjibAs location information is used by many sensor network applications, localization is considered a keystone in their design. Existing localization protocols can be classi ed as range-based or range-free approaches. Range- based approaches are costly as they require embedding each sensor node with an additional hardware to estimate inter-node distances. In contrast, the range-free approaches are cheaper, and they estimate node position by collecting information from some special nodes with known location called anchors. Thus, compared with range- based approaches, the range-free ones are more suitable for WSNs. In this paper, we propose PIV (Point In half Vesica-piscis), a new distributed range-free localization protocol for wireless sensor networks. PIV is designed based on the geometric concept of Vesica-piscis, which helps to relax some unrealistic assumptions and incur the lower cost. Complexity analysis and simulations results show that PIV has the lowest message cost among the existing localization schemes and o ers the best trade-o between location accuracy and ratio of localized nodes.