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    Networked Wireless Sensors, Active RFID, and Handheld Devices for Modern Car Park Management: WSN, RFID, and Mob Devs for Car Park Management
    (IGI Global, 2015-07-01) Djenouri, Djamel; Karbab, Elmouatezbillah; Boulkaboul, Sahar; Bagula, Antoine
    Networked wireless sensors, actuators, RFID, and mobile computing technologies are explored in this paper on the quest for modern car park management systems with sophisticated services over the emerging internet of things (IoT), where things such as ubiquitous handheld computers, smart ubiquitous sensors, RFID readers and tags are expected to be interconnected to virtually form networks that enable a variety of services. After an overview of the literature, the authors propose a scalable and lowcost car parking framework (CPF) based on the integration of aforementioned technologies. A preliminary prototype implementation has been performed, as well as experimentation of some modules of the proposed CPF. The results demonstrate proof of concept, and particularly reveal that the proposed approach for WSN deployment considerably reduces the cost and energy consumption compared to existing solutions.
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    On the Relevance of Using Interference and Service Differentiation Routing in the Internet-of-Things
    (CERIST, 2013) Djenouri, Djamel; Bagula, Antoine; Karbab, Elmouatezbillah
    Next generation sensor networks are predicted to be deployed in the Internet-of-the-Things (IoT) with a high level of heterogeneity, using a model where the sensor motes will be equipped with different sensing and communication devices and tasked to deliver different services leading to different energy consumption patterns. The application of traditional wireless sensor routing algorithms designed for sensor motes expanding the same energy to such heterogeneous networks may lead to energy unbalance and subsequent short-lived sensor network resulting from routing the sensor readings over the most overworked sensor nodes while leaving the least used nodes idle. Building upon sensor devices service identification, this paper assess the relevance of using sensor node service differentiation to achieve efficient traffic engineering in IoT settings and its relative efficiency compared to traditional sensor routing. Performance evaluation with simulation reveals clear improvement of the proposed protocol vs. state of the art solutions in terms of load balancing, notably for critical nodes that cover more services. Results show that the proposed protocol considerably reduce the number of packets routed by critical nodes, where the difference with the compared protocol becomes more and more important as the number of nodes rises. Results also show clear reduction in the average energy consumption.