International Conference Papers
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Item DPFTT: Distributed Particle Filter for Target Tracking in the Internet of Things(IEEE, 2023-11-07) Boulkaboul, Sahar; Djenouri, Djamel; Bagaa, MiloudA novel distributed particle filter algorithm for target tracking is proposed in this paper. It uses new metrics and addresses the measurement uncertainty problem by adapting the particle filter to environmental changes and estimating the kinematic (motion-related) parameters of the target. The aim is to calculate the distance between the Gaussian-distributed probability densities of kinematic data and to generate the optimal distribution that maximizes the precision. The proposed data fusion method can be used in several smart environments and Internet of Things (IoT) applications that call for target tracking, such as smart building applications, security surveillance, smart healthcare, and intelligent transportation, to mention a few. The diverse estimation techniques were compared with the state-of-the-art solutions by measuring the estimation root mean square error in different settings under different conditions, including high-noise environments. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is scalable and outperforms the standard particle filter, the improved particle filter based on KLD, and the consensus-based particle filter algorithm.Item User mobility-aware Virtual Network Function placement for Virtual 5G Network Infrastructure(IEEE) Taleb, Tarik; Bagaa, Miloud; Ksentini, AdlenCloud offerings represent a promising solution for mobile network operators to cope with the surging mobile traffic. The concept of carrier cloud has therefore emerged as an important topic of inquiry. For a successful carrier cloud, algorithms for optimal placement of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) on federated cloud are of crucial importance. In this paper, we introduce different VNF placement algorithms for carrier cloud with two main design goals: i) minimizing path between users and their respective data anchor gateways and ii) optimizing their sessions' mobility. The two design goals effectively represent two conflicting objectives, that we deal with considering the mobility features and service usage behavioral patterns of mobile users, in addition to the mobile operators' cost in terms of the total number of instantiated VNFs to build a Virtual Network Infrastructure (VNI). Different solutions are evaluated based on different metrics and encouraging results are obtained.Item SMART: Secure Multi-pAths Routing for wireless sensor neTworks(IEEE, 2014-06-22) Lasla, Noureddine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Challal, YacineIn this paper, we propose a novel secure routing protocol named Secure Multi-pAths Routing for wireless sensor neTworks (SMART) as well as its underlying key management scheme named Extended Twohop Keys Establishment (ETKE). The proposed framework keeps consistent routing topology by protecting the hop count information from being forged. It also ensures a fast detection of inconsistent routing information without referring to the sink node. We analyze the security of the proposed scheme as well as its resilience probability against the forged hop count attack. We have demonstrated through simulations that SMART outperforms a comparative solution in literature, i.e., SeRINS, in terms of energy consumptionItem Interference-aware Congestion Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(Elsevier, 2014-09) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Djenouri, Djamel; Ben Othman, Jalel; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Bagaa, Miloud; Lasla, Noureddine; Badache, NadjibThis paper deals with congestion and interference control in wireless sensor networks (WSN), which is essential for improving the throughput and saving the scarce energy in networks where nodes have different capacities and traffic patterns. A scheme called IACC (Interference-Aware Congestion Control) is proposed. It allows maximizing link capacity utilization for each node by controlling congestion and interference. This is achieved through fair maximum rate control of interfering nodes in inter and intra paths of hot spots. The proposed protocol has been evaluated by simulation, where the results rival the effectiveness of our scheme in terms of energy saving and throughput. In particular, the results demonstrate the protocol scalability and considerable reduction of packet loss that allow to achieve as high packet delivery ratio as 80% for large networks.Item SEDAN: Secure and Efficient protocol for Data Aggregation in wireless sensor Networks(IEEE, 2007-10-15) Bagaa, Miloud; Lasla, Noureddine; Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Challal, Yacine—Energy is a scarce resource in Wireless Sensor Networks. Some studies show that more than 70% of energy is consumed in data transmission. Since most of the time, the sensed information is redundant due to geographically collocated sensors, most of this energy can be saved through data aggregation. Furthermore, data aggregation improves bandwidth usage. Unfortunately, while aggregation eliminates redundancy, it makes data integrity verification more complicated since the received data is unique. In this paper, we present a new protocol that provides secure aggregation for wireless sensor networks. Our protocol is based on a two hops verification mechanism of data integrity. Our solution is essentially different from existing solutions in that it does not require referring to the base station for verifying and detecting faulty aggregated readings, thus providing a totally distributed scheme to guarantee data integrity. We carried out simulations using TinyOS environment. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol yields significant savings in energy consumption while preserving data integrity.Item Poster Abstract: Static Analysis of Device Drivers in TinyOS(ACM/IEEE, 2014-04-15) Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Bagaa, Miloud; Badache, NadjibIn this paper, we present SADA, a static analysis tool to verify device drivers for TinyOS applications. Its broad goal is to certify that the execution paths of the application complies with a given hardware specification. SADA can handle a broad spectrum of hardware specifications, ranging from simple assertions about the values of configuration registers, to complex behaviors of possibly several connected hardware components. The hardware specification is expressed in BIP, a language for describing easily complex interacting discrete components. The analysis of the joint behavior of the application and the hardware specification is then performed using the theory of Abstract Interpretation. We have done a set of experiments on some TinyOS applications. Encouraging results are obtained that confirm the effectiveness of our approach.Item Implementation of High Precision Synchronization Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks(IEEE, 2014-05) Djenouri, Djamel; Bagaa, MiloudMicrosecond-level time synchronization is needed in realtime applications of wireless sensor networks. While several synchronization protocols have been proposed, most performance evaluations have been limited to theoretical analysis and simulation, with a high level of abstraction by ignoring several practical aspects, e.g. packet handling jitters, clock drifting, packet loss, etc. Effective implementation in real motes faces several challenges due to motes’ limitations and the unreliable lossy channels. These issues affect the protocol performance and precision. Authors of some pragmatic solutions followed empirical approaches for the evaluation, where the proposed solutions have been implemented on real motes and evaluated in testbed experiments. This article throws light on issues related to the implementation of synchronization protocols in WSN. The challenges related to WSN environment are presented, the importance of real implementation and the testbed evaluation are motivated by some experiments that we conducted. Finally, some relevant implementations of the literature that meet microsecondlevel precision are discussed.Item DZ50: Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Mote Platform for Low Data Rate Applications(Elsevier, 2014) Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Bagaa, Miloud; Doudou, Messaoud; Zizoua, Cherif; Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Djenouri, Djamel; Badache, NadjibA low cost and energy e_cient wireless sensor mote platform for low data rate monitoring applications is presented. The new platform, named DZ50, is based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and the RFM12b transceiver, which consume very low energy in low-power mode. Considerable energy saving can be achieved by reducing the power consumption during inactive (sleep) mode, notably in low data rate applications featured by long inactive periods. Without loss of generality, spot monitoring in a Smart Parking System (SPS) and soil moisture in a Precision Irrigation System (PIS) are selected as typical representative of low data rate applications. The performance of the new platform is investigated for typical scenarios of the selected applications and compared with that of MicaZ and TelosB. Energy measurements have been carried out for di_erent network operation states and settings, where the results reveal that the proposed platform allows to multiply the battery lifetime up to 7 times compared to MicaZ and TelosB motes in 10s sampling period scenarios.Item Multi-Path Multi-Channel Data Aggregation Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks(Wireless Days, 2013-11-13) Bagaa, Miloud; Younis, Mohamed; Ksentini, Adlen; Badache, NadjibIn-network aggregation is employed to cut on re-dundancy and conserve the network resources. To meet the criticality and responsiveness goals, the aggregated data are to be disseminated to the base-station reliably while reducing the delivery latency. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed fo Reliable Multi-channel Scheduling for timely dissemination of Aggregated data (RMSA). RMSA strives to form an aggregation tree such that there are k disjoint paths from each node to the base-station and finds a collision free schedule for node transmissions so that the aggregated data reaches the base-station in minimal time. RMSA is a cross-layer scheme that intertwines the formation of the multi-path structure and the assignment of transmission slots to the individual node with the objective of increasing the simultaneity of transmissions and reducing the buffering delay. The availability of multiple radio channels is further exploited in order to prevent colliding transmissions and boost the overall network throughput. RMSA is validated through simulation and is shown to outperform previously published schemes.Item Efficient data aggregation scheduling in wireless sensor networks with multi-channel links(ACM, 2013) Bagaa, Miloud; Younis, Mohamed; Badache, NadjibIn-network data aggregation is often pursued to remove redundancy and correlate the data en-route to the base-station in order to save energy in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present a novel cross-layer approach for reducing the latency in disseminating aggregated data to the base-station over multi-frequency radio links. Our approach forms the aggregation tree with the objective of increasing the simultaneity of transmissions and reducing buffering delay. Aggregation nodes are picked and time-slots are allocated to the individual sensors so that the most number of ready nodes can transmit their data without delay. Colliding transmissions are avoided by the use of different radio channels. Our approach is validated through simulation and is shown to outperform previously published schemes.