CERIST DL :: Browsing by Author "Doudou, Messaoud"

Browsing by Author "Doudou, Messaoud"

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A Study of Wireless Sensor Networks for Urban Traffic Monitoring: Applications and Architectures
(Procedia Computer Science, Elsevier, 2013-06-26) Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Challal, Yacine; Djenouri, Djamel; Doudou, Messaoud; Bouabdallah, Abdelmadjid; Badache, Nadjib
With the constant increasing of vehicular traffic around the world, especially in urban areas, existing traffic management solutions become inefficient. This can be clearly seen in our life through persistent traffic jam and rising number of accidents. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) based intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have emerged as a cost effective technology that bear a pivotal potential to overcome these difficulties. This technology enables a new broad range of smart city applications around urban sensing including traffic safety, traffic congestion control, road state monitoring, vehicular warning services, and parking management. This manuscript gives a comprehensive review on WSN based ITS solutions. The main contribution of this paper is to classify current WSNs based ITS projects from the application perspective, with discussions on the fulfillment of the application requirements.
An Oscillation-Based Algorithm for Reliable Vehicle Detection with Magnetic Sensors
(CERIST, 2016-02-25) Djenouri, Djamel; Doudou, Messaoud; Kafi, Mohamed Amine
Vehicle monitoring using a wireless sensor network is considered in this paper, where a new algorithm is proposed for vehicle detection with magnetic sensors. The proposed algorithm is based on processing the magnetic signal and thoroughly analyzing the number/direction of its oscillations. The main feature of the proposed algorithm over the state-of-the-art ones is its capability to detect vehicles with different shapes of signatures, while most state-of-the-art algorithms assume regular shapes of signatures. This makes the algorithm effective with all types of magnetic sensors. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on Micaz sensor motes and tested in real word scenarios. Results show reliability beyond 93% in all samples, and more than 95% in most of them.
An oscillation-based algorithm for reliable vehicle detection with magnetic sensors
(IEEE, 2016-04) Djenouri, Djamel; Doudou, Messaoud; Kafi, Mohamed Amine
Vehicle monitoring using a wireless sensor network is considered in this paper, where a new algorithm is proposed for vehicle detection with magnetic sensors. The proposed algorithm is based on processing the magnetic signal and thoroughly analyzing the number/direction of its oscillations. The main feature of the proposed algorithm over the state-of-the-art ones is its capability to detect vehicles with different shapes of signatures, while most state-of-the-art algorithms assume regular shapes of signatures. This makes the algorithm effective with all types of magnetic sensors. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on MICAz sensor motes and tested in real world scenarios. Results show reliability beyond 93% in all samples, and more than 95% in most of them.
BA: Game Theoretical Approach for Energy-Delay Balancing in Distributed Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols of Wireless Networks
(ACM, 2014-07-14) Doudou, Messaoud; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Djenouri, Djamel; Garcia-Vidal, Jorge; Badache, Nadjib
Optimizing energy consumption and end-to-end (e2e) packet delay in energy constrained distributed wireless networks is a conflicting multi-objective optimization problem. This paper investigates this trade-off from a game-theoretic perspective, where the two optimization objectives are considered as virtual game players that attempt to optimize their utility values. The cost model of each player is mapped through a generalized optimization framework onto protocol specific MAC parameters. A cooperative game is then defined, in which the Nash Bargaining solution assures the balance between energy consumption and e2e packet delay. For illustration, this formulation is applied to three state-of-the-art wireless sensor network MAC protocols; X-MAC, DMAC, and LMAC as representatives of preamble sampling, slotted contention-based, and frame-based MAC categories, respectively. The paper shows the effectiveness of such framework in optimizing protocol parameters for achieving a fair energy-delay performance trade-off, under the application requirements in terms of initial energy budget and maximum e2e packet delay. The proposed framework is scalable with the increase in the number of nodes, as the players represent the optimization metrics instead of nodes.
Cost Effective Node Deployment Strategy for Energy-Balanced and Delay-Efficient Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks
(2014) Doudou, Messaoud; Djenouri, Djamel; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Badache, Nadjib
The real-world node deployment aspect is investigated, while considering cost minimization for resolving the energy hole around the sink, which represents a serious problem in typical sensor networks with uniform distribution. A novel strategy is proposed that is based on the use of two sinks and a few extra relay nodes close to the sinks' areas. The traffic is then alternatively sent to the sinks in every other cycle. As a second contribution, an efficient data collection mechanism has been developed to determine the optimal data rate that meets delay requirements of sensors and improves the network lifetime. The comparison of the proposed node deployment strategy with uniform, non-uniform geometric and linear increase node distributions demonstrates that the cost of the proposed solution is very close to that of the uniform distribution and much lower than others, while achieving a load balancing at the same order of the state-of-the-art solutions.
Cost Effective Node Deployment Strategy for Energy-Balanced and Delay-Efficient Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks
(CERIST, 2014-01-08) Doudou, Messaoud; Djenouri, Djamel; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Badache, Nadjib
The real-world node deployment aspect is investigated, while considering cost minimization for resolving the energy hole around the sink, which represents a serious problem in typical sensor networks with uniform distribution. A novel strategy is proposed that is based on the use of two sinks and a few extra relay nodes close to the sinks’ areas. The traffic is then alternatively sent to the sinks in every other cycle. As a second contribution, an efficient data collection mechanism has been developed to determine the optimal data rate that meets delay requirements of individual sensor reports and improves the network lifetime. The comparison of the proposed node deployment strategy with uniform, non-uniform geometric and linear increase node distributions demonstrates that the cost of the proposed solution is very close to that of the uniform distribution and much lower than all the others, while achieving a load balancing at the same order of the state-of-the-art solutions perspective.
Delay-efficient MAC protocol with traffic differentiation and run-time parameter adaptation for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks
(Springer, 2016-02) Doudou, Messaoud; Djenouri, Djamel; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Badache, Nadjib
This paper presents an asynchronous cascading wake-up MAC protocol for heterogeneous traffic gathering in low-power wireless sensor networks. It jointly considers energy/delay optimization and switches between two modes, according to the traffic type and delay requirements. The first mode is high duty cycle, where energy is traded-off for a reduced latency in presence of realtime traffic (RT). The second mode is low duty cycle, which is used for non-realtime traffic and gives more priority to energy saving. The proposed protocol, DuoMAC, has many features. First, it quietly adjusts the wake-up of a node according to (1) its parent’s wake-up time and, (2) its estimated load. Second, it incorporates a service differentiation through an improved contention window adaptation to meet delay requirements. A comprehensive analysis is provided in the paper to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in comparison with some state-of-the-art energy-delay efficient duty-cycled MAC protocols, namely DMAC, LL-MAC, and Diff-MAC. The network lifetime and the maximum end-to-end packet latency are adequately modeled, and numerically analyzed. The results show that LL-MAC has the best performance in terms of energy saving, while DuoMAC outperforms all the protocols in terms of delay reduction. To balance the delay/energy objectives, a runtime parameter adaptation mechanism has been integrated to DuoMAC. The mechanism relies on a constrained optimization problem with energy minimization in the objective function, constrained by the delay required for RT. The proposed protocol has been implemented on real motes using MicaZ and TinyOS. Experimental results show that the protocol clearly outperforms LL-MAC in terms of latency reduction, and more importantly, that the runtime parameter adaptation provides additional reduction of the latency while further decreasing the energy cost.
Delay-efficient MAC protocol with traffic differentiation and run-time parameter adaptation for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks
(Springer US, 2015-06) Doudou, Messaoud; Djenouri, Djamel; Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose M.; Badache, Nadjib
This paper presents an asynchronous cascading wake-up MAC protocol for heterogeneous traffic gathering in low-power wireless sensor networks. It jointly considers energy/delay optimization and switches between two modes, according to the traffic type and delay requirements. The first mode is high duty cycle, where energy is traded-off for a reduced latency in presence of realtime traffic (RT). The second mode is low duty cycle, which is used for non-realtime traffic and gives more priority to energy saving. The proposed protocol, DuoMAC, has many features. First, it quietly adjusts the wake-up of a node according to (1) its parent’s wake-up time and, (2) its estimated load. Second, it incorporates a service differentiation through an improved contention window adaptation to meet delay requirements. A comprehensive analysis is provided in the paper to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in comparison with some state-of-the-art energy-delay efficient duty-cycled MAC protocols, namely DMAC, LL-MAC, and Diff-MAC. The network lifetime and the maximum end-to-end packet latency are adequately modeled, and numerically analyzed. The results show that LL-MAC has the best performance in terms of energy saving, while DuoMAC outperforms all the protocols in terms of delay reduction. To balance the delay/energy objectives, a runtime parameter adaptation mechanism has been integrated to DuoMAC. The mechanism relies on a constrained optimization problem with energy minimization in the objective function, constrained by the delay required for RT. The proposed protocol has been implemented on real motes using MicaZ and TinyOS. Experimental results show that the protocol clearly outperforms LL-MAC in terms of latency reduction, and more importantly, that the runtime parameter adaptation provides additional reduction of the latency while further decreasing the energy cost.
Duo-MAC: Energy and Time Constrained Data Delivery MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks
(2013-07-01) Doudou, Messaoud; Mohammad, Alaei; Djenouri, Djamel; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Badache, Nadjib
We present Duo-MAC, an asynchronous cascading wake-up scheduled MAC protocol for heterogeneous traffic forwarding in low-power wireless networks. Duo-MAC deals with energy-delay minimization problem and copes with transmission latency encountered by Today’s duty-cycled protocols when forwarding heterogeneous traffic types. It switches, according to the energy and delay requirements, between Low Duty cycle (LDC) and High Duty Cycle (HDC) operating modes, and it quietly adjusts the wake-up schedule of a node according to (i) its parent’s wake-up time and (ii) its estimated load, using an effective real-time signal processing linear traffic estimator. As a second contribution, Duo-MAC, proposes a service differentiation through an improved contention window adaptation algorithm to meet delay requirements of heterogeneous traffic classes. Duo- MAC’s efficiency stems from balancing between the two traffic award operation modes. Implementation and experimentation of Duo-MAC on a MicaZ mote platform reveals that the protocol outperforms other state-of-the-art MAC protocols from the energy-delay minimization perspective.
Duo-MAC: Energy and Time Constrained Data Delivery MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks
(CERIST, 2013) Doudou, Messaoud; Badache, Nadjib; Djenouri, Djamel; AIaei, Mohammad; Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose M.
We present Duo-MAC, an asynchronous cascading wake-up scheduled MAC protocol for heterogeneous traffic for- warding in low-power wireless networks. Duo-MAC deals with energy-delay minimization problem and copes with transmission latency encountered by Today’s duty-cycled protocols when forwarding heterogeneous traffic types. It switches, according to the energy and delay requirements, between Low Duty cycle (LDC) and High Duty Cycle (HDC) operating modes, and it quietly adjusts the wake-up schedule of a node according to (i) its parent’s wake-up time and (ii) its estimated load, using an effective real-time signal processing linear traffic estimator. As a second contribution, Duo-MAC, proposes a service differentiation through an improved contention window adaptation algorithm to meet delay requirements of heterogeneous traffic classes. Duo- MAC’s efficiency stems from balancing between the two traffic award operation modes. Implementation and experimentation of Duo-MAC on a MicaZ mote platform reveals that the protocol outperforms other state-of-the-art MAC protocols from the energy-delay minimization perspective.
DZ50: Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Mote Platform for Low Data Rate Applications
(CERIST, 2014-07-07) Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Bagaa, Miloud; Doudou, Messaoud; Zizoua, Cherif; Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Djenouri, Djamel; Badache, Nadjib
A low cost and energy efficient wireless sensor mote platform for low data rate monitoring applications is presented. The new platform, named DZ50, is based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and the RFM12b transceiver, which consume very low energy in low-power mode. Considerable energy saving can be achieved by reducing the power consumption during inactive (sleep) mode, notably in low data rate applications featured by long inactive periods. Without loss of generality, spot monitoring in a Smart Parking System (SPS) and soil moisture in a Precision Irrigation System (PIS) are selected as typical representative of low data rate applications. The performance of the new platform is investigated for typical scenarios of the selected applications and compared with that of MicaZ and TelosB. Energy measurement has been carried out for different network operation states and settings, where the results reveal that the proposed platform allows to multiply the battery lifetime up to 7 times compared to MicaZ and TelosB motes in 10s sampling period scenarios.
DZ50: Energy-efficient Wireless Sensor Mote Platform for Low Data Rate Applications
(Elsevier, 2014) Ouadjaout, Abdelraouf; Lasla, Noureddine; Bagaa, Miloud; Doudou, Messaoud; Zizoua, Cherif; Kafi, Mohamed Amine; Derhab, Abdelouahid; Djenouri, Djamel; Badache, Nadjib
A low cost and energy e_cient wireless sensor mote platform for low data rate monitoring applications is presented. The new platform, named DZ50, is based on the ATmega328P micro-controller and the RFM12b transceiver, which consume very low energy in low-power mode. Considerable energy saving can be achieved by reducing the power consumption during inactive (sleep) mode, notably in low data rate applications featured by long inactive periods. Without loss of generality, spot monitoring in a Smart Parking System (SPS) and soil moisture in a Precision Irrigation System (PIS) are selected as typical representative of low data rate applications. The performance of the new platform is investigated for typical scenarios of the selected applications and compared with that of MicaZ and TelosB. Energy measurements have been carried out for di_erent network operation states and settings, where the results reveal that the proposed platform allows to multiply the battery lifetime up to 7 times compared to MicaZ and TelosB motes in 10s sampling period scenarios.
Efficient QoS-aware Heterogeneous Architecture for Energy-Delay Constrained Connected Objects
(CERIST, 2016) Doudou, Messaoud; Rault, Tifenn; Bouabdallah, Abdelmadjid
Connected objects such as smart phones and wireless sensors becomes very attractive for our assisted daily life applications, because it offers continuous monitoring capability of both personal and environmental parameters. However, these systems still face a major energy issue that prevent their wide adoption. Indeed, continuous sampling and communication tasks quickly deplete sensors and gateways battery reserves, and frequent battery replacement are not convenient. One solution to address such a challenge consists in minimizing the activation of radio interfaces and switching between them in order to achieve very low duty cycle. In this paper, we propose a new efficient communication architecture for patient supervision in the context of healthcare application making use of dual radio. At runtime, our solution determines the optimal interval parameters of switching on/off each radio interfaces in order to minimize the energy consumption of both sensors and mobile phones while satisfying the QoS requirements. The proposed solution is adequately analyzed and numerically compared against a solution without QoS. The results show that our proposed architecture exhibits better duty-cycle reduction while satisfying the delay constraints.
Efficient QoS-aware Heterogeneous Architecture for Energy-Delay Constrained Connected Objects
(IFIP, 2016-07-11) Doudou, Messaoud; Rault, Tifenn; Bouabdallah, Abdelmadjid
Connected objects such as smart phones and wireless sensors becomes very attractive for our assisted daily life applications, because it offers continuous monitoring capability of both personal and environmental parameters. However, these systems still face a major energy issue that prevent their wide adoption. Indeed, continuous sampling and communication tasks quickly deplete sensors and gateways battery reserves, and frequent battery replacement are not convenient. One solution to address such a challenge consists in minimizing the activation of radio interfaces and switching between them in order to achieve very low duty-cycle. In this paper, we propose a new efficient communication architecture for patient supervision in the context of healthcare application making use of dual radio. At runtime, our solution determines the optimal interval parameters of switching on/off each radio interfaces in order to minimize the energy consumption of both sensors and mobile phones while satisfying the QoS requirements. The proposed solution is adequately analyzed and numerically compared against a solution without QoS. The results show that our proposed architecture exhibits better duty-cycle reduction while satisfying the delay constraints.
Energy-Delay Constrained Minimal Relay Placement in Low Duty-Cycled Sensor Networks Under Anycast Forwarding
(CERIST, 2016-06) Doudou, Messaoud; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Garcia-Vidal, Jorge
A constrained relay placement problem satisfying application requirements in terms of network lifetime and end-to-end (e2e) delay in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is investigated in this paper. The network and the traffic are adequately modeled considering uniform node deployment and low data rate periodic traffic generation. An optimization problem is defined to obtain the minimum number of relays to be deployed, at each level of the network, in order to fulfil network duty-cycle and e2e delay constraints under anycast forwarding based on the wake-up period parameter of the duty-cycle MAC protocol. Since the optimization problem is non-convex, an alternative and efficient algorithm for relay node placement called EDC-RP (Energy-Delay Constrained Relay Placement) is introduced. The comparison of the proposed node deployment strategy with state-of-the-art relay placement methods demonstrates the gain of the heuristic in terms of deployment cost (number of relays) over other solutions while fulfilling the application constraints.
Energy-Delay Constrained Minimal Relay Placement in Low Duty-Cycled Sensor Networks Under Anycast Forwarding
(IEEE, 2016-09-04) Doudou, Messaoud; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Garcia-Vidal, Jorge
A constrained relay placement problem satisfying application requirements in terms of network lifetime and end-to-end (e2e) delay in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is investigated in this paper. The network and the traffic are adequately modeled considering uniform node deployment and low data rate periodic traffic generation. An optimization problem is defined to obtain the minimum number of relays to be deployed, at each level of the network, in order to fulfil network duty-cycle and e2e delay constraints under anycast forwarding based on the wakeup period parameter of the duty-cycle MAC protocol. Since the optimization problem is non-convex, an alternative and efficient algorithm for relay node placement called EDC-RP (Energy-Delay Constrained Relay Placement) is introduced. The comparison of the proposed node deployment strategy with state-of-the-art relay placement methods demonstrates the gain of the heuristic in terms of deployment cost (number of relays) over other solutions while fulfilling the application constraints.
Fast distributed multi-hop relative time synchronization protocol and estimators for wireless sensor networks
(Elsevier, 2013-11) Djenouri, Djamel; Merabtine, Nassima; Mekahlia, Fatma Zohra; Doudou, Messaoud
The challenging problem of time synchronization in wireless sensor networks is considered in this paper, where a new distributed protocol is proposed for both local and multi-hop synchronization. The receiver-to-receiver paradigm is used, which has the advantage of reducing the time-critical-path and thus improving the accuracy compared to common sender-to-receiver protocols. The protocol is fully distributed and does not rely on any fixed reference. The role of the reference is divided amongst all nodes, while timestamp exchange is integrated with synchronization signals (beacons). This enables fast acquisition of timestamps that are used as samples to estimate relative synchronization parameters. An appropriate model is used to derive maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) and the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) for both the offset-only, and the joint offset/skew estimation. The model permits to directly estimating relative parameters without using or referring to a reference’ clock. The proposed protocol is extended to multi-hop environment, where local synchronization is performed proactively and the resulted estimates are transferred to the intermediate/end-point nodes on-demand, i.e. as soon as a multi-hop communication that needs synchronization is initiated. On-demand synchronization is targeted for multi-hop synchronization instead of the always-on global synchronization model, which avoids periodic and continuous propagation of synchronization signals beyond a single-hop. Extension of local MLE estimators is proposed to derive relative multi-hop estimators. The protocol is compared by simulation to some state-of-the-art protocols, and results show much faster convergence of the proposed protocol. The difference has been on the order of more than twice compared to CS-MNS, more than ten times compared to RBS, and more than twenty times compared to TPSN. Results also show scalability of the proposed protocol concerning the multi-hop synchronization. The error does not exceed few microseconds for as much as 10 hops in R4Syn, while in CS-MNS, and TPSN, it reaches few tens of microseconds. Implementation and tests of the protocol on real sensor motes confirm microsecond level precision even in multi-hop scenarios, and high stability (long lifetime) of the skew/offset model.
Fault-Tolerant Implementation of a Distributed MLE-based Time Synchronization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
(CERIST, 2012) Djenouri, Djamel; Doudou, Messaoud; Merabtine, Nassima; Mekahlia, Fatma Zohra
This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of R4Syn protocol on MICAz platform and TinyOS operating system. The contribution is two folds. First, the implementation uses thorough maximum-likelihood estimators (MLE) in the joint oﬀset/skew model, while all similar MLE-based estimators are merely evaluated with theoretical and numerical analysis thus far, and empirical solutions use simple computation estimators, such as oﬀset-only models, or linear regression for skew estimation. Diﬃculties that has been encountered and overcome are reported in this paper. The second contribution is to consider fault-tolerance, an aspect that has been completely abstracted in previous works. The implementation assures correct behavior despite nodes failure or packet loss, as demonstrated by the experiments. Experimental results also demonstrate microsecond-level precision and long-term validity of the estimators in the joint skew/oﬀset model.
Fault-Tolerant Implementation of a Distributed MLE-based Time Synchronization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
(IEEE Communications Society, 2013-04) Djenouri, Djamel; Merabtine, Nassima; Mekahlia, Fatma Zohra; Doudou, Messaoud
This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of R4Syn protocol on MICAz platform and TinyOS operating system. The contribution is two folds. First, the implementation uses thorough maximum-likelihood estimators (MLE) in the joint offset/skew model, while all similar MLEbased estimators are merely evaluated with theoretical and numerical analysis thus far, and empirical solutions use simple computation estimators, such as offset-only models, or linear regression for skew estimation. Difficulties that has been encountered and overcome are reported in this paper. The second contribution is to consider fault-tolerance, an aspect that has been completely abstracted in previous works. The implementation assures correct behavior despite nodes failure or packet loss, as demonstrated by the experiments. Experimental results also demonstrate microsecond-level precision and long-term validity of the estimators in the joint skew/offset model.
Game Theoretical Approach for Energy-Delay Balancing in Distributed Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols of Wireless Networks
(CERIST, 2014-04-24) Doudou, Messaoud; M. Barcelo-Ordinas, Jose; Djenouri, Djamel; Garcia-Vidal, Jorge; Badache, Nadjib
Optimizing energy consumption and end-to-end (e2e) packet delay in energy constrained distributed wireless networks is a conflicting multi-objective optimization problem. This paper investigates this trade-off from a game-theoretic perspective, where the two optimization objectives are considered as virtual game players that attempt to optimize their utility values. The cost model of each player is mapped through a generalized optimization framework onto protocol specific MAC parameters. From the optimization framework, a cooperative game is defined in which the Nash Bargaining solution assures the balance between energy consumption and e2e packet delay. For illustration, this formulation is applied to three state-of-the-art wireless sensor network MAC protocols; X-MAC, DMAC, and LMAC as representatives of preamble sampling, slotted contention-based, and frame-based MAC categories, respectively. The paper shows the effectiveness of such framework in optimizing protocol parameters that achieve a fair energy-delay performance trade-off under the application requirements in terms of initial energy budget and maximum e2e packet delay. The proposed framework is scalable with the increase in the number of nodes, as the players represent the optimization metrics instead of nodes.

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